Nice article Rahul, but I think that there are certain specificities of neoliberalism historically.

In a rejoinder to this bald assertion and negative interpretation, Mbembe retorts that the West has always had insurmountable difficulties with accepting an African theory on the “experience of the Other”, or on the issue of the “I” of others to which the West seems to perceive as foreign to it. This third categorization includes elements of indoctrination of various kinds and threats which tend to decrease the victims’ mental potentialities. One of the hallmarks of neoliberal economic policy is the limited State intervention in markets, an adherence to reducing fiscal deficits, and a commitment to preserving laissez-faire.

When economic reforms in the 1990s reintegrated India in the world economy, the major beneficiaries were manufactures that were intensive in semiskilled labor, in a late but welcome reversion to the colonial pattern of growth.” (Roy, 2002, pg 110. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Neoliberalism or Neocolonialism?

As Morris himself realises, this policy of the colonial government “…had adverse effects on the general responsiveness of indigenous entrepreneurship, reducing confidence and keeping the flow of capital into commerce and industry below what it otherwise might have been.”. s.l.:Routledge. The teachings of Marx, Frederick Engels (1820-1895), and Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) against the exploitation of the masses remain the backdrop of this decolonization. He describes the effect of imperialism on Africa from two main perspectives. The study of the dignity of the African in every form is central to African philosophy. It is based on this that neocolonialism can be said to be a new form of colonial exploitation and control of the new independent states of Africa, and other African states with fragile economies. As Maddison writes: “…whereas British policy believed in exploitation of comparative advantage in trade, independent India turned firmly away from participation in the world economy, precisely at a time that the world economy experienced a boom. Rahul Menon is Assistant Professor in Economics at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Hyderabad, India. It is a situation in which a new state acts under its own volition, free from the direct control of foreign actors. Consequent analysis by Sartre, in his critique of French economic policies on Algeria, was an attempt to combine his existentialist idea of human freedom with Marx’s economic philosophy in order to better establish his opposition to France’s economic colonization of Algeria. A historico-philosophical analysis of colonialism as the root of tribal conflicts in Africa. It could well be argued that the colonial state was not neutral with respect to the economy, and intervened with a heavy hand to preserve its rule. In a neocolonial state, the former colonial masters ensure that the newly independent colonies remain dependent on them for economic and political direction. He acknowledges that the colonial regime in Africa left Africa in destitution, not only materially but also in terms of education and technical training. Obadina acknowledges the difficulty in providing an objective analysis of the impact of colonialism in Africa.

The following quote by Tirthankar Roy demonstrates the essential compatibility between neoliberal policy prescriptions and the colonial experience with regards to free trade: “…whereas British policy believed in exploitation of comparative advantage in trade, independent India turned firmly away from participation in the world economy, precisely at a time that the world economy experienced a boom. Neocolonialism, Attah submits, leads to underdevelopment where the local bourgeoisie and the foreign capitals are interested in the economy for personal accumulation rather than national development of the neocolonialist state. With the publication of Kwame Nkrumah’s Neo-colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism in 1965, the term neocolonialism finally came to the fore. A critical analysis of the economic law of capitalist mode of production. Neoliberalism is one of many mentalities that leaves itself open to the possibility of utilizing neocolonialism, should consumer demand and executive greed necessitate it. According to Fieldhouse, African states today would be a direct replica of what they were in the primitive days if they had not encountered the European culture and civilization. The colonialists had imposed European beliefs and values on Africa. However, due to the debilitating effects of colonial rule, African scholars and political thinkers were faced with the serious challenges of socio-political and cultural reconstruction of Africa. 606-618. An exposition of the nature and the process of the imperialist’s financial capital in generating greater profits from their colonies. The continued relevance of Marxist socio-economic philosophy in contemporary times cannot be denied. Africa in the early 21st century is a neocolonial continent, according to Obadina. Seen in this light, neoliberalism is still a powerful force shaping political and economic changes in much of the world today. Colonialism came with further violence. This explains the condition under which a nation is continually enslaved by the fetters of neocolonialism while being independent in theory, and yet being trapped outwardly by international sovereignty, so that it is actually directed politically and economically from the outside. While Bagchi lays the blame squarely at colonial economic policy, Tirthankar Roy believes that technological and market changes were largely to blame. The colonized must see violence in decolonization as that which leads not to retrogression, but liberation. Attah explicates how Western neocolonialists have collaborated with local bourgeoisie in Africa to perpetuate the exploitation of the people and state economies in Africa. Cambrdige: Cambridge University Press, 1975. Certain perceived basic assumptions seem to have informed the colonial construction of African savagery which was used to justify the nature of colonial warfare. This process begins when “writing” is done in the various indigenous African languages.

“The Fate of Women, Children and the Aged in Contemporary Africa’s Conflict Theatres”, Paper delivered at the Public Annual lecture of the National Association of Political Science Students, University of Ibadan, (2001). The need to embrace the value of Africa’s cultural heritage that is devoid of any form of imperialist subjugation is essential for the promulgation of African philosophy. My argument is, in a nutshell: >By the end of the 1970s, however, it was clear to all except blindered ideologues that something had gone very wrong with social democracy at the periphery.

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