To increase the probability that the generated BIMs would acquire unique mutations, several single colonies of each wild-type (WT) strain were inoculated in individual tubes and plated on separate plates after mixing with adequate phages. It occurs in milk in long chains of 10–20 cells, and ferments lactose homofermentatively to give L( + ) lactic acid as the principal product. Most (80%) of the strains were isolated later than 1999, a few years after the characterization of strains displaying high proteolytic activity (36). The impact of these mutations on the performance of the strains needs to be evaluated prior to industrial use. Phage receptors are either located at the septum or distributed uniformly around the cell surface.

HHS Chemical and enzymatic treatments were applied to the bacterial cell walls to progressively remove different cell wall components. Putative receptor mutants have mutations in genes encoding glycan biosynthetic pathways.To identify mutations in genes potentially encoding phage receptors, a range of spontaneous bacteriophage-insensitive mutants (BIMs) was generated from the wild-type (WT) strains by challenging them with their respective phages (Table 1). Of these, approximately 50% were deselected as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) mutants, while the other pool was further characterized to identify receptor mutants.

Rgg2 and Rgg3 function is regulated by their interaction with oligopeptide quorum-sensing signals called short hydrophobic peptides (SHPs). ↵1G.C.C. Bacteria, phages, and growth conditions.The Streptococcus thermophilus strains and phages used for this study are listed in Table 1. Of these, circa 25% carried mutations in glycan biosynthesis genes. CryoEM structure of Streptococcus thermophilus SHP pheromone receptor Rgg3 in complex with SHP3. Search for a potential origin of the S. thermophilus prtS island.A search for PrtS homologues in different genomic databases showed that the protein, over its entire length, is 95% identical to the subtilisin-like serine protease of Streptococcus suis (97% identical at the nucleotide level) and, as a second best score, 48% identical to CspA of S. agalactiae.

The methods to generate BIMs for commercial applications include a secondary culture method (8), serial passage in the presence of high phage titers (9), and chemical mutagenesis (10). contributed equally to this work.

These results confirm the status of S. thermophilus as a distinct species (35). The STs were grouped into lineages or clonal complexes with the BURST program developed by E. Feil and located in the START program.

NOTE: We request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article, and that it is not junk mail. Structure–function studies of Rgg binding to pheromones and target promoters reveal a model of transcription factor interplay. Since S. thermophilus is closely related to S. salivarius, we tested the same set of primers used recently in an MLST scheme of S. salivarius species to assess the phylogenetic relationship between the two species. To perform full genome sequencing, DNA from the selected S. thermophilus strains was isolated by using the DNA DNeasy blood and tissue kit with the protocol for Gram-positive bacteria (Qiagen, Germany) and sent for sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform with 2 × 250-bp paired-end sequencing (Illumina, USA). This work was supported by grant Flore-QPS 2.21P from the French Research Agency (ANR).

Approximately 50% of the BIMs generated by challenging S. thermophilus with their phages were CRISPR mutants, a result that was not surprising considering that the activation of intracellular defense strategies is the predominant response to phage attack (3, 14). The main difference between the S. thermophilus and S. suis proteases is a duplication of 32 amino acids in the N-terminal part of the S. thermophilus protease (positions 63 to 90). Diverse treatments have been applied to minimize phage infections in the dairy environment. Due to the inefficient lysis with one of the phages used in the study, the secondary culture method was performed (8), where LM17-Ca/Mg broth was inoculated with a 1% overnight culture of a sensitive host, followed by the addition of adequate phages at an MOI of 10 or an MOI of 0.01 and incubating at 37°C. BIMs generated in both assays were purified by streaking on LM17 agar plates and incubating under the growth conditions in three sequential repetitions. Based on these structure-function studies, we present a revised unifying model of Rgg regulatory interplay. and the National Cancer Institute, The origin of these events was not pointed out in most cases (5, 6, 32), suggesting that the range of gene acquisition in S. thermophilus could be broader than that described previously. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses of WTs and BIMs were performed with CLC Genomics Workbench 10.1.1 (Invitrogen). The pure enzyme is a serine proteinase highly activated by Ca(2+) ions. For the bacterial cells used for tests with phages, the growth medium was additionally supplemented with 10 mM CaCl2 and 10 mM MgCl2 (LM17-Ca/Mg). The understanding of the role of PrtS in the physiology of S. thermophilus and its dissemination in food confirms that it has no effect on the safety of strains. Boxes represent 3- and 15-kb integrative elements with the IS ends. S1 in the supplemental material. Industrial strains and phages selected to unveil phage receptors.Five industrial S. thermophilus strains, representing different lytic groups, and their phages were selected for the study (Table 1). prtS gene is harbored on a conjugative plasmid in Lactococcus lactis and on the chromosome in lactobacilli and S. thermophilus. MLST and phenotypic data of the 27 S. thermophilus isolates used in this study. The physiological importance of observed Rgg-DNA interactions was dissected using in vivo genetic experiments and in vitro biochemical assays. (B) Sequences of the target and junctions of the prtS island and IS elements in different strains. The maximum percent nucleotide sequence divergence present in MLST alleles ranges from 0.2% at the ilvC locus to 1.7% at the glcK locus (Table 3). In this study, we selected for BIMs harboring receptor defects; thus, isolates that became phage resistant due to the activation of a CRISPR-Cas system were excluded. Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas. Phylogenetic trees were constructed for each of the eight housekeeping loci, and all of them resolved S. thermophilus alleles into clusters distinct from those containing the oral streptococcus alleles (data not shown). Streptococcus thermophilus agar was found to be suitable for selective enumeration of S. thermophi- lus under aerobic incubation at 37°C for 24 h. The MRS agar at pH 5.2 or reinforced clostridial agar at pH 5.3 could be used for the selective enumeration of L. delbrueckii ssp. The obtained cell walls with WTA, WPS, and CPS were treated with 46% hydrofluoric acid (HF) according to the previously described protocol (67) and incubated at 4°C for 72 h (step no. The detected mutations were further evaluated to exclude false hits, i.e., SNPs at the ends of contigs, SNPs in noncoding regions not related to a putative promoter or a putative terminator, SNPs at mobile element proteins, and SNPs not resulting in amino acids changes. Mutations in R-M systems were rare in the fraction of non-CRISPR BIMs. Indeed, the spatial arrangement of baseplates is required to bind complex structures of heteropolysaccharides, such as those produced by the Wzy pathway (free EPS and CPS) or WPS (3, 33). The S. thermophilus protease exhibits 95% identity to the animal Streptococcus suis protein PrtS. 5). McKenna S, Malito E, Rouse SL, Abate F, Bensi G, Chiarot E, Micoli F, Mancini F, Gomes Moriel D, Grandi G, Mossakowska D, Pearson M, Xu Y, Pease J, Sriskandan S, Margarit I, Bottomley MJ, Matthews S. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. Strain CCHSS9, isolated from human blood, was supplied by C. Poyart (INSERM E44, Institut Cochin, Centre National de Référence des Streptocoques, Service de Bactériologie Hôpital Cochin, Faculté de Médecine Paris 5, France). MLST, a typing method involving the identification of nucleotide variations in housekeeping genes, could provide information about the “backbone” structure of strains and the phylogenetic lineage in a population. Therefore, the structure of the prtS island and its synteny and high level of identity with an S. suis genome region support the hypothesis of the acquisition of a genomic fragment provided by HGT from a streptococcal strain closely related to the species S. suis. The efficiency of BIM formation differed between strains (Table 2). The opposite situation is observed for eriC, which is more conserved in prtS islands (0.3%) than in S. suis chromosomes (1.5%). The prtS island is the first example of the acquisition of a gene encoding a significant metabolic function from a species closely related to a commensal and/or pathogen. Thus, the macromolecule/structure recognized by phages of STCH_12 was located at the septum, supporting the view that the location of the receptor macromolecule is strain dependent. The identities of the PCR products were checked by sequencing strain CNRZ385, CNRZ703, and JIM8232 fragments. Our results suggest that phages with baseplates (e.g., CHPC926) recognize CPS on the cell surface. Bassi D, Cappa F, Gazzola S, Orrù L, Cocconcelli PS. Recently, a phylogenetic relationship study of some 50 dairy S. thermophilus strains proposed that the patterns observed by genome hybridization could be explained by the high frequency of occurrence of gene transfer and recombination (32). To specify the receptor locations on the cell surface, phage-host interactions were visualized via conventional and superresolution fluorescence microscopy. Although the cell walls of WTs and BIMs were composed of the same monosaccharide types, the ratios of carbohydrates varied between the strains.

[4], PayPerView: Der Einfluss einiger Faktoren auf das Wachstum eines Stammes von Streptococcus thermophilus – Karger Publishers.

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