Mars 2020 Rover Collecting Samples: This artist's concept depicts NASA's Mars 2020 rover exploring and taking a core sample on the Red Planet. Unlike Earth, Mars doesn't have a "young surface" because it's not active in the same way our planet is with moving plate tectonics, volcanic eruptions and other processes that tend to erase the history sitting on Earth's surface. Perseverance will witness and share images of the landing of this spacecraft on Mars when it occurs in 2028 -- a first. "This is the manifestation of a lot of dreams and aspirations by scientists," said Thomas Zurbuchen, associate administrator of NASA's Science Mission Directorate. The samples, in turn, will be robotically moved to the top of the Mars ascent vehicle, the rocket that will launch the rocks off Mars. Mars 2020 will be the first mission to demonstrate this on Mars.

This entire process is called "sample caching". It is part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program, a long-term effort of robotic exploration of the Red Planet. The mission would use robotic systems and a Mars ascent rocket to collect and send samples of Martian rocks, soils and atmosphere to Earth for detailed chemical and physical analysis. The scientists will be looking for patterns or textures in rocks that act like records of life -- similar to some of the oldest known rocks on Earth in Western Australia from 3.48 billion years ago.

The rover will not only explore Jezero Crater using new scientific instruments, cameras and microphones, but collect the first samples that will ever be returned from Mars to Earth by future planned missions. The samples will land in Utah and be transported to a type of facility usually associated with the handling of biohazards. A NASA launch will send the Sample Return Lander mission to land a platform near the Mars 2020 site. The small arm picks up and moves new sample tubes to the drill, and transfers filled sample containers into a space where they are sealed and stored. "The key for this mission will be identifying samples so compelling that we can't afford to leave them, so it is imperative that missions have to go get them," Weiss said. A number of Mars sample return missions are being planned, which would allow actual Martian soil to be returned to Earth for more advanced analysis than is possible in situ on the surface of Mars. The witness tubes will also be sealed and cached like the actual Mars samples. Strict rules limit the amount of inorganic, organic and biological materials from Earth in the rover and its sample handling system.

The complicated route to the Mars Sample Return mission involves NASA collaborating with the European Space Agency and international partners. But once filled, the tubes cannot be emptied.

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