This convention does not have official significance, though seniority generally is a factor in the selection of physical offices and in party caucuses' assignment of committees. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. In the general election, the winner is the candidate who receives a plurality of the popular vote. Will 5G Impact Our Cell Phone Plans (or Our Health?! Structures, powers, and functions of Congress: foundational Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere. From 1789 to 1913, senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented; they are now elected by popular vote, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Capitol Police handle routine police work, with the sergeant at arms primarily responsible for general oversight. The Senate also investigates matters of national interest. Therefore, the authoritative power and command rests on the shoulders of the Senate Majority Leader. In 2006, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under CSRS was $60,972, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $35,952. This was achieved by dividing the senators of the 1st Congress into thirds (called classes), where the terms of one-third expired after two years, the terms of another third expired after four, and the terms of the last third expired after six years. Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies; for instance, the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress. [13] Problems with repeated vacant seats due to the inability of a legislature to elect senators, intrastate political struggles, and even bribery and intimidation had gradually led to a growing movement to amend the Constitution to allow for the direct election of senators.[14]. While present in the Senate chambers, the vice president is expected to speak only when ruling on parliamentary questions and when reporting the results of the Electoral College vote in presidential elections. Another official is the sergeant at arms who, as the Senate's chief law enforcement officer, maintains order and security on the Senate premises. The chairs hold extensive powers: they control the committee's agenda, and so decide how much, if any, time to devote to the consideration of a bill; they act with the power of the committee in disapproving or delaying a bill or a nomination by the president; they manage on the floor of the full Senate the consideration of those bills the committee reports. All three trials ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction. In Maine, following two ballot initiatives in 2016 and 2018, respectively, to establish and maintain instant-runoff voting (IRV), known in that state as "ranked-choice voting", the state uses IRV to nominate and elect candidates for federal offices, including the Senate.

The special powers of the Senate are different than the expressed and implied powers. The Senate has also censured and condemned senators; censure requires only a simple majority and does not remove a senator from office.

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