In the process he replaced a hierarchical society with a centralized bureaucracy and fighting force, a Muslim legal code, international trade arrangements, and a nascent network of roads and telecommunications. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. In Morocco, the First World War saw German secret agents seeking to incite an insurrection against the French administration. In Aug 1859 the local Anyera tribesmen attacked, the unfinished works, killed several Spaniards, demolished the fortifications, and disfigured the coat-of-arms of Spain. Grávalos González, L., & Calvo Pérez, J. O’Donnell led the army south towards Tetuán, 45 km away (Woolman, 1968). Announcing our NEW encyclopedia for Kids.
The establishment of the French protectorate in Morocco in March 1912 resulted from the implosion of the Moroccan polity after decades of European interference in Moroccan affairs. The Hispano-Moroccan War, also known as the Spanish–Moroccan War, the First Moroccan War, the Tetuán War, or, in Spain, as the African War (Spanish: La Guerra de África), was fought from Spain's declaration of war on Morocco on 22 October 1859 until the Treaty of Wad-Ras on 26 April 1860.
Occurring during the Rif War, the series revolves around a group of nurses from Madrid, Spain who are sent to Morocco by Queen Victoria Eugenia to open a hospital in the war torn region of North Africa. (From the caliph of the king of Morocco to the Conference of the Maghreb). Spanish efforts to regain that territory continued until 1926, when the Rif War ended. Many Moors were killed and eventually the Moors retreated. In addition, the Spanish army had regrouped on the eastern front, invoking the Reconquista—the Christian effort to drive the Moors from the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages—in a bid to regain lost territory. Spanish 3rd Corps under General Ros de Olano arrived in Ceuta ( Hardman, 1996). Official Spanish casualty figures published in the late 1920s put losses at approximately 43,500 troops killed, missing, or wounded. google_ad_client = "pub-2707004110972434"; The agreement which may be come to on the subject between France and Spain shall be communicated to His Britannic Majesty's Government. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Their exploitation led to an economic boom in Melilla. Around 400 Spanish were killed or wounded. In the Spanish city of Melilla, Morocco, during the Rif War of the 1920s, Spanish volunteer nurses … The conflict concluded shortly thereafter. The Spanish protectorate consisted of a northern strip on the Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar, and a southern part of the protectorate around Cape Juby, bordering the Spanish Sahara. Once again General Prim took out a few battalions to cover the road builders ( Hardman, 1996). At times they made daring attempts on the Spanish guns. That did not happen immediately, as enlisting support from other groups and political and religious elites was not always easy for Abd el-Krim. The most coherently expressed reason for intervention was fear for the strategic security of Spain. After a number of long and difficult discussions between Spain and Morocco's governments (with England acting as the mediator between the two) they finally reached an agreement and two covenants were signed (Tangier, 1844 and Laroche, 1845). Another small skirmish lasting from 1030 until dark ( Hardman, 1996). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. It took the Spanish another year to eradicate small pockets of resistance in their protectorate. Colonial Conquest, 10. From 1925, after Rif forces entered French possessions in Morocco, Spanish and French forces coordinated their operations against the Rif.
Pallas Armata. On May 27, 1926, Abd el-Krim surrendered to the French, who promised him and his family protection in exchange for the immediate release of all Spanish and French prisoners and the unconditional surrender of Rif forces. /* 160x600, created 12/31/07 */ The War between Spain and Morocco: The Costumes of the Spanish Army. [7] The British and French, without any Spanish insistence,[further explanation needed] acknowledged Spain's right to a zone of influence in Morocco in Article 8 of the Entente cordiale of 8 April 1904:[7]. With the money safely banked the Spanish army evacuated Tetuán. [4] The surface area of the zone was about 20,948 km2 (8,088 sq mi), which represents 4.69% of modern-day Morocco. Controversy in Spain over the early conduct in the war was a driving factor behind the military coup by General The 2nd Marqués de Estella in 1923 which foreshadowed the Spanish Civil War of 1936–39.[11]. [9], In March 1905, the German Kaiser, Wilhelm II, visited Tangier, a city of international character in northern Morocco. The Islamic legal system of qadis was formally maintained. The Moors infantry attacked form the cover of trees, effectively sniping at the Spanish from up to 400 metres away. Unlike earlier actions nearer Ceuta the Moors lacked cover thus exposing them to Spanish fire, and the lack of trees also denied them supports for their long espingardas thus making their fire relatively ineffective. google_ad_slot = "6416241264"; Woolman, D. S. (1968). The Spanish cavalry and artillery had still not arrived. It highlighted negligible military leadership, poor troop morale and training, problematic frontline logistics, shoddy equipment, and the generally pitiable state of Spain’s colonial army. The Moroccan historian Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri described the looting during the bombardment: A tumult broke out in the town,... the hand of the mob stretched out to plunder, and even [normal] people took off the cloak of decency.... People of the Jabal, and the Arabs, and the riffraff began to pillage and steal; they broke down the doors of the houses and the shops.... keeping at it the whole night until the morning. This article was sourced from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. As the army advanced a fleet bombarded Tangier, Asilah, and Larache. Omissions? French casualties were fewer but still notable, with as many as 18,000 killed, missing, or wounded. Discussions continued at a slow pace until the Sultan died bringing all negotiations to a halt. After his father’s death in 1920, Muhammad Abd el-Krim, a man of considerable leadership and organizational skills, along with his brother and other members of his extended family, undertook to galvanize his group and neighbouring peoples against the Spanish advances. A week before the report was to be published, however, Alfonso was rescued from a humiliating situation by a… The war was the last and perhaps most significant of many confrontations between the … Spain declared war on Morocco (Illustrated London News, 1859). Unfortunately for Spain, much of the protectorate was an inaccessible rural backwater of difficult mountainous terrain inhabited by dozens of Berber groups, known collectively as the Rif. The northern strip did not reach to the border of French Algeria, nor did it include Tangier, soon to be internationalized. Spain demands compensation from the local Caid of the Anyera and from the Sultan Abd-al-Rahman of Morocco. Total Spanish losses were 1,000 dead and 3,000 wounded. The northern groups and cities in that protectorate had provided his insurgency with needed contraband and foodstuffs, and French efforts under Louis-Hubert-Gonzalve Lyautey to limit such resources alarmed Abd el-Krim. In the 1958 Ifni War, which spread from Sidi Ifni to Río de Oro, Morocco gained Tarfaya (the southern part of the protectorate)[16] and reduced the Spanish control of the Ifni territory to the perimeter of the city itself. However, the Spanish spotted this ploy and drove off the Moorish horse with their rifled mountain guns. The Rif War occurred primarily in the Rif, a mountainous region of northern Morocco. This was undoubtedly the worst military disaster suffered by a colonial power since the Italian debacle at Adwa in Ethiopia in 1896. Hardman described this as a “sharp little combat”. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Riffian tribesmen poured into the city and pillaged it (mainly the Jewish quarters). (1947, April).
Morocco sued for peace after the Spanish victory at the Battle of Tetuán. There was also the widespread belief, in Spain as elsewhere in Europe at the turn of the 20th century, that the possession of colonies increased the prestige of a nation. On February 5 the Spanish entered the city, ending both the battle and the war. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
[4], Once Morocco paid the compensation (partially through money lent by the British), O'Donnell retired his troops from Tétouan. S140 Dominant Hill – A Tilly’s Very Bad Day Scenario, S12 Fighting Across the River – A Tilly’s Very Bad Day Scenario, Breakout at the Hinge – A Crossfire Battle Report, S10 The Important Bridge – A Tilly’s Very Bad Day Scenario, S01 Attack on a Prepared Position – A Tilly’s Very Bad Day Scenario, Copyright © 2001-2020 Steven Thomas - All Rights Reserved.
google_ad_width = 728; They bombarded the city for the following two days which allowed chaos to reign free. Such beliefs made Spanish politicians more receptive to the adoption of a forward policy in Morocco. Morocco sued for peace after the Spanish victory at the Battle of Tetuán. That country, if only because of its geographical position and the presence of the presidios of Ceuta, and Melilla, could not be ignored by the Spaniards despite their lack of enthusiasm for new colonial enterprises. 4,040 dead [1] (1,152 in battle and 2,888 from disease). The issue of political and military responsibilities associated with the rout became a leitmotif in Spanish politics for a number of years. On October 2, 1925, the Spanish occupied Abd el-Krim’s home base of Ajdir, and between October 1925 and March 1926, they gained control of most of the territories in their protectorate. Moreover, estimates put Spanish war-related expenses at 3.2 billion pesetas (more than $540 million), an astronomical figure given the size of Spain’s economy at the time. The northern zone became part of independent Morocco on 7 April 1956, shortly after France had ceded its protectorate (French Morocco). Spanish troops and Berber auxiliaries guarding a house containing Rif prisoners during the Rif War. google_ad_height = 600; Morocco sued for peace after the Spanish victory at the Battle of Tetuán.
25 Nov 1859 . Abd el-Krim’s forces moved quickly to fill the territorial and power vacuum created by the retreat. The Protectorate system was established in 1912. Those talks commenced in April 1926 but soon collapsed, and the French and Spanish promptly relaunched offensive operations on May 8, 1926. Significance. In regard to these interests the French Government will come to an understanding with the Spanish Government.
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