A. Leigh, E. G. Adaptation and Diversity (Freeman, Cooper and Co., San Francisco, 1971). q, Lasius niger. On the one hand, there is continuity in many aspects of hominins back to the last common ancestor with apes, and on the other hand, there are many novel traits that appear successively across the subsequent five or more million years. To create this conceptual definition, the text applies a stringent object-based focus. Present address: Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey, These authors contributed equally: Ab. Natl Acad. Subsequently, this smallest scale pattern is used as an innovative basis for generalizations. Wächtershäuser, G. Progr. a–f, f′, Ovaries showing nuclear-stain DAPI in blue and Blochmannia in white: germline stem-cell niche without Blochmannia (a), germarium in which Blochmannia colonization occurs (b), Blochmannia initially fill the entirety of the cytoplasm of young oocytes (c) and progressively localize to the posterior pole of older oocytes (d–f), where Blochmannia surrounds the germplasm (f′). ), A case can be made for each of these as a divide within hominin evolution, but a detailed examination of the evidence suggests a much more diverse and cumulative process. In any CV, it is not too bad to be able to list the revelation of the diversity of early Miocene African apes [28,29], the earliest known australopithecine [30], the diversity of early Homo [31], the earliest known African H. erectus [32], the most complete ancient hominin skeleton [33], the most complete early paranthropine or robust australopithecine [34] and the first known anatomically modern human [35]. Evol. Football, it is often said, is a game of two halves. Evol. ), Reflections on the Graph Representation of Darwinian Evolution, Generalising Darwinian Evolution by Using Its Smallest-Scale Representation as a Foundation, A Critical Assessment of Graph-Based Generalized Darwinism, The Role of Structural Criteria in Transitions Theory: A Focus on Organisms, The Role or Structural Criteria in Transition Theory: A Focus on Systems of Interacting Organisms, Major Transitions, Operator Theory, and Human Organization, Learning from Water: Two Complementary Definitions of the Concept of Life, Adding (Thermo)dynamic Aspects to Definitions of Life, A Thermodynamic Account of the Emergence of Organised Matter, The Road to a Measurable Quantitative Understanding of Self-Organization and Evolution, What Comes Next? Appl. Entomol.
Evolutionary problems are often considered in terms of ‘origins', and research in human evolution seen as a search for human origins. Wolschin, F., Hölldobler, B., Gross, R. & Zientz, E. Replication of the endosymbiotic bacterium Blochmannia floridanus is correlated with the developmental and reproductive stages of its ant host.
Rueden, C. T. et al. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Major transitions in human evolution’. Charlesworth, B., Sniegowski, P. & Stephan, W. Nature 371, 215–220 (1994).
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