In 2001, the UN documented Minin’s delivery of 113 tonnes (five million rounds) of assault rifle ammunition from Ukraine to Liberia via Côte d’Ivoire.54 55 In 1999, it was Minin who used a forged end-user certificate to ship 68 tonnes of weapons, including 3,000 assault rifles and a million rounds of ammunition, from Ukraine to Burkina Faso, then on to Liberia and Sierra Leone. (Q14069)Full Citation, Holtom, Paul and Irene Pavesi.2018.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer.’ The 2018 Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,1 August. (Q98)Full Citation, United Nations.1998.‘Estimated Numbers and Rates of Licensees, Firearm Owners and Firearms, and Percent of Households with At Least One Firearm.’ United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation.Vienna:UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division,1 August. (Q100)Full Citation, United Nations.1999.‘Ukraine: Update to Online Dataset.’ United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation.Vienna:UN Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division,30 August. Firearm ownership. (Q89)Full Citation, C. J. Chivers. (Q91)Full Citation, Newton, George D and Franklin E Zimring.1969.‘Firearm Licensing: Permissive v Restrictive.’ Firearms & Violence in American Life: A staff report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence.Washington, DC:US Government Printing Office,1 January. 2005. (Q13356)Full Citation, Pavesi, Irene.2016.‘Global Burden of Armed Violence Database (GBAV).’ Lethal Violence by Firearm in the EU.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies,8 January. Gun owners are required by Order to renew their licenses and registration of their guns every three years. Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business. Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney. (Q14136)Full Citation, Ukraine.2016.‘Manufacture.’ National Report of Ukraine on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Ukraine to the United Nations,1 April. ‘Targeting the Middlemen: Controlling brokering activities.’, ‘Ukraine: Brokering, Export Criteria and Licensing.’, ‘Ukraine's Decade-long Illegal Trade in Arms.’. (N422) Full Citation, Ukraine.1998.‘Approving the Instructions on the Manufacture, Purchase, Storage, Registration, Transportation and Use of Firearms….’ Order N 622, amended 1999, 2002, 2004.Kiev:Ministry of Internal Affairs,21 August. Global Study on Homicide 2011: Trends, Context, Data. (Q5986)Full Citation, GunPolicy.org. ‘Estimated Number of Illicit Firearms.’ Definition and Selection Criteria.Sydney School of Public Health, 24 January. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are 17 goals set by the United Nations to be implemented by all member states by 2030. Armed violence prevention, gun control laws and the small arms trade: Ukraine is home to an estimated ten million state- and civilian-owned firearms,1 yet lacks cohesive gun laws. (Q114)Full Citation, President of Ukraine.2003.‘Export Controls: Law of Ukraine 'On State Control of International Transfers of Goods Designated for Military Purposes and Dual-Use Goods'.’ SIPRI Arms Control and Non-proliferation Programme Online Database: Index of National Export Control Systems.Oslo:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute,20 February. Some argue that the few arrests and prosecutions recorded in Ukraine indicate low levels of illegal activity, rather than a lack of enforcement.29, Ukraine is considered a ‘small’ producer of small arms and ammunition,30 with 20 state-controlled design bureaux and factories in 2001,31 producing pistols, assault rifles, sniper rifles, machine guns and ammunition.32 The Ministry of Internal Affairs reports that Ukraine does not manufacture firearms, components or ammunition for foreign civilian markets, and produces ammunition only for its own domestic civilian market.5, According to Ukraine’s state exporting agency, less than three per cent of its US$500 million total arms exports in 2000 were small arms and small arms ammunition, amounting to US$10-15 million annually.33 In a 2006 UN survey, Ukraine did not respond to questions on small arms production.34, The Ministry of Economy’s State Export Control Service is the hub of arms transfer control in Ukraine, responsible for tracking all imports, exports and in-country movements. (Q13952)Full Citation, Marsh, Nicholas.2014.‘Database of Authorised Transfers of Small Arms and Light Weapons.’ NISAT Small Arms Trade Database.Oslo:Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers,22 December. (Q4018)Full Citation, IANSA.2006.‘Reviewing Action on Small Arms 2006: Assessing the first five years of the UN Programme of Action.’ Biting the Bullet 'Red Book' 2006.New York, NY:International Action Network on Small Arms and the Biting the Bullet project,26 June. Historical Population Data - USCB International Data Base. Estimating Global Law Enforcement Firearms Numbers. (Q14056)Full Citation, Ukraine.2014.‘Collection and Seizure.’ National Report of Ukraine on its Implementation of the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (UNPoA).New York NY:Permanent Mission of Ukraine to the United Nations,9 June. The frequency of gun suicide, unintentional shootings, non-fatal firearm-related injury and gun crime in Ukraine are not known to have been internationally reported. With approximately 10 civilian firearms per 100 people, Ukraine is the 88th most armed country in the world. Small Arms Survey 2008: Risk and Resilience. (Q7162)Full Citation, UNODA.2013.‘Towards Entry Into Force.’ Arms Trade Treaty.New York, NY:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs,2 April. Firearms & Violence in American Life: A staff report submitted to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. To complete the task within a decade, at least 150,000 tonnes of surplus would have to be destroyed each year 66 Although in its first three years the programme should have destroyed 400 000 small arms, as of March 2008 the total was 132,000, two-thirds short of the target.67 This was due to Ukrainian reluctance to destroy Kalashnikov assault rifles which could be sold to foreign customers.68, Ukraine’s huge, often unguarded weapon armouries and ammunition magazines have been easy targets for theft. The average asking price for an AK-47 assault rifle in the Ukraine rose from US$250 in 1991-95, to US$350 in 2001-05.6. Yet in December 2003, the nation still had no legislation to control or limit civilian gun ownership.22 A draft law ‘On Weapons’ to regulate all firearms was introduced in 1995,5 but politicians in Ukraine have since failed to agree on which weapons private citizens may legally possess, and even ‘whether or not private ownership would increase crime or improve security.’ 22 At the time of writing, this lack of consensus persists. ‘Small Arms, Big Business: Products and Producers - Ukraine.’, ‘Small Arms, Big Business: Products and Producers: Ukraine.’, ‘The Legal-Illicit Link: Global Small Arms Transfers.’. According to the database of the National Police of Ukraine there are 892,854 registered firearms in Ukraine as of July 31, 2018[3]. ‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2007.’. (Q8753)Full Citation, Parker, Sarah and Katherine Green.2012.‘Point Allocation System.’ The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1): Assessing Reported Progress.Geneva:Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,1 August. Small Arms Control in the Black Sea Region: A regional assessment of small arms control initiatives. Seventh United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (1998-2000). Ukraine — Gun Facts, Figures and the Law. ‘Exporters of Small Arms Based on UN Comtrade, 2011.’, ‘60 Known Legal Small Arms Exporting Countries, 2001.’. (Q86)Full Citation, Karp, Aaron.2007.‘Completing the Count: Civilian firearms - Annexe online.’ Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,27 August. Ukrainian law does not grant citizens any particular right to bear arms. (Q10551)Full Citation, Close, Helen and Chris Stevenson.2008.‘Small Arms Trade Transparency Barometer 2008.’ Small Arms Survey 2008: Risk and Resilience.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press and the Small Arms Survey, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva,14 July. (Q116)Full Citation, Kuzio, Taras.2002.‘Arming Rogue States: Ukraine's Decade-long Illegal Trade in Arms.’ RFE/RL Crime, Corruption and Terrorism Watch.Prague:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty,10 January. (Q290)Full Citation, Wassenaar Arrangement.1996.‘Introduction: Participating States.’ Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls and Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies.Vienna:Wassenaar Secretariat,12 July. (Q12719)Full Citation, Small Arms Survey.2001.‘Small Arms, Big Business: Products and Producers: Ukraine.’ Small Arms Survey 2001: Profiling the Problem.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1 July. (Q17)Full Citation, UNGA.2001.‘Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.’ United Nations General Assembly.New York, NY:UN General Assembly,20 July. Regulation of private firearms in Ukraine is ranked as permissive, rather than restrictive.15 Rifles and shotguns are allowed for hunting, target shooting, collection, protection of person or property and private security.5 Although Ukraine reported to the United Nations that civilian possession, import and export of handguns is prohibited for any use,5 ‘revolvers and pistols’ — and in one example, ‘sporting revolvers and pistols’ — are subject to regulation, but apparently not banned in Ukrainian firearm legislation.16 In December 2001, in response to a spate of attacks on reporters, the Interior Ministry allowed some investigative journalists to carry handguns that fire rubber bullets.17, According to a report presented by its government to the UN in 2003,18 'Ukraine has enacted adequate legislation and has put in place appropriate structures and procedures to exercise effective control over the small arms and light weapons.’ Since 1996, a series of presidential edicts and decrees19 have regulated licensing bodies, controlled goods, interagency processes and enforcement.20 Although Ukraine involves eleven different ministries and agencies in this process, very few individuals are engaged in the control of small arms.21.

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