[34], several aspects have to be taken into consideration before considering the bacteria as potential probiotic. A recent study published in Cell compared how the microbiome of the gut reconstituted itself after antibiotic treatment with and without probiotic administration. Probiotics can improve lactose digestion in lactose intolerant people, with most evidence showing that lactose consumed in yogurt with live cultures is better tolerated than the same amount of lactose consumed without live cultures (Oak & Jha 2018). These ‘next generation’ probiotics are likely to be developed as pharmaceutical products (O'Toole et al. 2015) and duration (King et al. Since then, the definition of probiotic had evolved over time and today, probiotic is defined as “live organisms that, when ingested in adequate amounts, exert a health benefit to the host” retaining the previous definitions by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) with a minor grammatical changes [19]. A lot of trust has been put into the idea that gut bacteria can be a key to good health.
Surface display system for probiotics and its application in aquaculture. 1980) with the type strain of Lactobacillus amylovorus (Nakamura 1981),”, K. Gupta, A. E. Stapleton, T. M. Hooton, P. L. Roberts, C. L. Fennell, and W. E. Stamm, “Inverse association of H2O2-producing lactobacilli and vaginal Escherichia coli colonization in women with recurrent urinary tract infections,”, E. Vlková, J. Medková, and V. Rada, “Comparison of four methods for identification of bifidobacteria to the genus level,”, G. Klein, A. This condition has risen many debates among the probiotic consumer, researcher, and industries. Robust clinical investigations into the health benefits of probiotics have been underway since the 1990s and many of these human trials have documented a diverse array of benefits (see ‘Health benefits of probiotics: Evidence for specific effects’ section). The association of probiotic in preventing, treating, and reducing the progression of cancer cell has been established years ago. Etymologically, the probiotic term appears to be a composite of the Latin preposition pro (“for” or “in support”) and the Greek adjective (biotic) from the noun bios (“life”) meaning “for life” or “in support of life” [16]. Although the information about the minimum effective concentrations is still limited and controversial, it is generally accepted that probiotic products should have a minimum concentration of 106 CFU/mL or gram and that a total of 108 to 109 probiotic microorganisms should be consumed daily to have an optimal beneficial impact on the consumer [14]. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 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Jeon, J.-S. Park, and H.-D. Paik, “A probiotic strain of, S. Ohkawara, H. Furuya, K. Nagashima, N. Asanuma, and T. Hino, “Oral administration of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, a butyrate-producing bacterium, decreases the formation of aberrant crypt foci in the colon and rectum of mice,”, J. R. Lakritz, T. Poutahidis, T. Levkovich et al., “Beneficial bacteria stimulate host immune cells to counteract dietary and genetic predisposition to mammary cancer in mice,”, K. Yamazaki, A. Tsunoda, M. Sibusawa et al., “The effect of an oral administration of Lactobacillus casei strain shirota on azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci and colon cancer in the rat,”, A. Takagi, T. Matsuzaki, M. Sato, K. Nomoto, M. Morotomi, and T. Yokokura, “Enhancement of natural killer cytotoxicity delayed murine carcinogenesis by a probiotic microorganism,”, N.-P. Foo, H. O. Yang, H.-H. Chiu et al., “Probiotics prevent the development of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colonic tumorigenesis through suppressed colonic mucosa cellular proliferation and increased stimulation of macrophages,”, D. K. Lee, S. Jang, M. J. Kim et al., “Anti-proliferative effects of Bifidobacterium adolescentis SPM0212 extract on human colon cancer cell lines,”, N. M. El-Deeb, A. M. Yassin, L. A. Al-Madboly, and A. El-Hawiet, “A novel purified Lactobacillus acidophilus 20079 exopolysaccharide, LA-EPS-20079, molecularly regulates both apoptotic and NF-, E. Elinav, R. Nowarski, C. A. Thaiss, B. Hu, C. Jin, and R. A. Flavell, “Inflammation-induced cancer: crosstalk between tumours, immune cells and microorganisms,”, S. Matsumoto, T. Hara, M. Nagaoka et al., “A component of polysaccharide peptidoglycan complex on Lactobacillus induced an improvement of murine model of inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer,”, C. B. Appleyard, M. L. Cruz, A. Indeed, the largest UK multi‐centre RCT studying 1315 premature infants showed no effect of the probiotic B. breve BBG‐001 on either the occurrence of NEC or associated mortality, although importantly there were no probiotic‐related adverse effects (Costeloe et al.

Most people looking for probiotics don’t see the distinctions. Carcinogens such as 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) are substances which can cause changes in the DNA sequence which may lead to tumorigenesis. To date, the association of probiotic and human health has been well established. 2011), additional concerns may exist for probiotics intended for vulnerable patient populations (Sanders et al. These properties are important since some bacteria originated from human GI tract are also pathogenic in nature such as Helicobacter pylori, Clostridium difficile, and many more. In addition to improving the gut health, probiotics have also been documented to exert other health-promoting effects including chronic diseases such as cancer [7–9], high serum cholesterol [10], and allergy [11] and slowing the disease progression and symptoms of the HIV-infected individual such as bacterial translocations as well as vulvovaginal candidiasis in women [12].

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