The lease was guaranteed for the duration of 99 years 'free from all rent and charges'. The reforms meant that the Lords could not veto legislation that had passed the House of Commons in three successive sessions, and that parliament itself would be dissolved after five years, not seven. Labour's share of the vote actually increased, but the Liberals were totally eclipsed. After a short but stunning bombardment, the Germans attacked across the old Somme battlefields and made the greatest advance on the Western Front since 1914. While the French attacked further south, the British struck at Loos, using chlorine gas for the first time in their initial attack. The German army rapidly defeated France with a strategy called 'blitzkrieg', or 'lightning war', which used speed, flexibility and surprise to execute huge outflanking manoeuvres. The Allies were forced to evacuate. The militancy of her organisation, the Women's Social and Political Union, proved counter-productive to the cause of women's rights, but the more moderate National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies also had little to show for its efforts through negotiation. A combination of factors, including faulty intelligence about German strength and bad weather, resulted in failure. By the end of D-Day, five beachheads were secured, and the Allies had a foothold in France.

A British Expeditionary Force (BEF) of over 100,000 men was sent to repel the German invasion of France. At the height of the raid an appeal was sent to the Irish leader Éamon De Valera, who sent fire engines to help fight the fires raging in the city. For the British army on the Western Front, the town of Ypres in Flanders was crucial, because it screened the Channel ports through which the army was supplied from Britain. The Labour Representative Committee, a socialist federation formed in 1900, convinced the trade unions that the political representation of labour was now essential. British Field Marshal Douglas Haig's order of the day on 11 April famously told his men that they must stand and fight 'with their backs to the wall'. The British passenger liner 'Lusitania' was torpedoed by a German submarine and sank with the loss of 1,200 lives. Ramsay Macdonald, a committed internationalist and pacifist, was an enthusiastic believer that the League of Nations could make the world disarm through dialogue. Lord Salisbury remained as prime minister and became the last premier to sit in the House of Lords.

A group of radio manufacturers, including radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi, set up the British Broadcasting Company in 1922. Austria-Hungary's ally, Germany, in turn declared war on Russia. They failed and the campaign prompted the United States, the principal neutral power, to declare war on Germany on 6 April 1917. In rejecting Chancellor David Lloyd George's budget, the Conservative-dominated House of Lords broke the parliamentary convention that the upper house should not overturn a financial bill. Poverty and mass unemployment (as high as 70%) in the north east of England drove 200 men from Jarrow, Tyne and Wear, to march 300 miles to London to deliver a petition to parliament asking for a steel works to replace the local shipyard that had recently closed down. In reality, the treaties were mainly the work of the British, French, Italian and US leaders. The rapid advance on Baghdad outstripped itself and the troops fell back to Kut-el-Amara, where they were encircled. British troops invaded Mesopotamia (Iraq), then part of the Ottoman Empire, at the end of 1914. The results were Conservative and Coalition Liberals 509, Labour 72, Independent Liberals (former Liberal Prime Minister Herbert Asquith's followers) 36, others 27. Newsletters & RSS Email to a friend Add to del.icio.us.

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